The Sarbanes Oxley Act - 1704 Words

Abstract This research paper endeavors to expose how the Sarbanes- Oxley Act of 2002 might have led to the accountability of holding corporate executives for their actions in the past and also in the future. The paper will examine and explore the genesis of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act as well as give details on the act’s relationship to the ethics of the institution and the persons who work and manage the institution. The paper also proceeds to discuss different corporations around the globe that have been endorsed with the Sarbanes- Oxley Act and their subsequent benefits and demerits as opined by different individuals. The paper shall prove to be a relevant tool for any administrator managing a public company. Anyone going through this†¦show more content†¦Such scandals cost businessmen great sums of million dollars when affected companies collapsed in their share prices thus the confidence of the public in the country’s security markets was affected adversely. In July 20 02, when the bill was being passed, there was intense pressure on the Congress to restore people’s belief in the capital markets before elections to the Congress (Act, S, 2002). Some of the new and impressive regulations in the act are as discussed in the proceeding paragraphs. Firstly there have been alterations to the functions of the high-ranking management. The CFO and CEO are affected in various ways by the act. They are now demanded to certify the suitability of disclosures and financial statements in person. The officers must also ensure and prove that the presentation of such documents is fair regarding the operations and financial operations of their firm. According to the act, the CEOs have to append their signatures on federal company revenue returns. The act prohibits individual loans to the high-ranking executives. Any situation requiring the organization to reaffirm its financial status because of property noncompliance with financial reporting prerequisites, calls for the officers to refund the organization for any bonuses. Secondly, there are changes to corporate

Americas Flawed Health Care System Literature Review

Introduction Can our healthcare system be regarded results-based and rational? Dr. Otis Brawley does not think so. Neither do I. In his thought provoking book, How we Do Harm: A Doctor Breaks Ranks about Being Sick in America, Brawley paints a picture of a system that is riddled with both inequalities and inconsistencies. There are times I have wondered whether our health care is indeed the best in the world. I have had my doubts. After reading Brawleys book, I became convinced that there is an urgent need to ensure that our health care system is not only affordable but also rational. Key Issues Raised the Author In basic terms, Brawleys book largely concerns itself with the failure of the health care system to put the interests of its patients first. To further enhance his assertion, Brawleys packs his book with stories of instances where patients have been failed by the same system that is charged with the promotion of their wellbeing. The author for instance gives a very touching story of a woman, Edna, seeking to have her breast reattached after it literary falls off. Edna has breast cancer which has gone untreated for a long time. Despite her case being obviously critical, she is kept waiting in the queue for at least four hours-likely, five or six (Brawley, 2012, p.3). All the while, she clings to her detached breast which she has wrapped in a moist towel. Welcome to Grady Memorial Hospital which according to the author largely serves those who have noShow MoreRelatedHungry And On Need Of Diapers For Her Baby2248 Words   |  9 Pages Because of this famili es are not able to invest in higher education. Another effect of economic inequality is increasing poverty, and policies steered toward the wealthy. Problem Exploration Income inequality has been around for some time. In America’s early history, the forefathers set out to make sure that inequality would not make its way into America. However, inequality has made its way and is affecting America in many ways. There are many aspects to income inequality. One aspect of the effectsRead MoreAmerican Prison Systems: Do They Really Work?4530 Words   |  18 Pagesï » ¿American Prison Systems: Do They Really Work? Introduction: A History of American Prison Systems Prisons were among the first public buildings erected in the New World, and were considered as essential as a cemetery in every town (Lynch, n.d.). However, colonial American prisons were not houses of punishment, as they would later evolve to be (Lynch, n.d). A person who committed a crime was sent to prison only while awaiting trial, and after the trial was complete, the sentence would entailRead MoreAbortion Pros and Cons7190 Words   |  29 Pagesto totally protect and care for him or her. The decision to have an abortion is a painful decision to get rid of an unborn child. Reasons for abortion can never explain the reason of killing an unborn child (John Paul II). There are other people as well as the mother that bear responsibility. There is the father of the unborn child if he is the one to blame, if he is directly pressuring the mother to have an abortion. He is also to blame if he leaves the mother to take care of the problems of pregnancyRead MoreAid For Illegal Immigrants : Special Interests Or The Best Interests Of Society?2680 Words   |  11 Pageswere a very young child who also has known no other home. These young people should not be penalized for the choices of their parents and they have also spent most if not all of their lives â€Å"being† a U.S. citizen as they go through American school systems and later as they enter the workforce. As recent controversy illustrates there are also growing numbers of children who are sent to the U.S. by their parents and create an additional tier of the illegal immigrant pool as the government scramblesRead MoreTeaching Reading Is Rocket Science13428 Words   |  54 Pages1999 Author note: This paper was prepared for the American Federation of Teachers by Louisa C. Moats, project director, Washington D.C. site of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Early Interventions Project, and clinical associate professor of pediatrics, University of Texas, Houston, Health Sciences Center. Her work is supported in part by grant HD30995, â€Å"Early Interventions for Children with Reading Problems,† funded by the NICHD. Table of Contents PrefaceRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Management View.Pdf Uploaded Successfully133347 Words   |  534 Pagesii Permission to reprint these has been obtained by Pearson Custom Publishing for this edition only. Further reproduction by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, must be arranged with the individual copyright holders noted. This special edition published in cooperation with Pearson Custom Publishing. Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Please visit our web site at www.pearsoncustomRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesMcKeown 9 †¢ 2 Twentieth-Century Urbanization: In Search of an Urban Paradigm for an Urban World †¢ Howard Spodek 53 3 Women in the Twentieth-Century World Bonnie G. Smith 83 4 The Gendering of Human Rights in the International Systems of Law in the Twentieth Century †¢ Jean H. Quataert 116 5 The Impact of the Two World Wars in a Century of Violence †¢ John H. 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The residential schools have been an important link with the Deaf clubs and with Deaf sports. †¢ Lives of America’s Deaf people have been so central that a utopian vision of a â€Å"Deaf country,† has been created by and for the Deaf. †¢ This vision of a Deaf utopia has been the inspiration for numerous folk tales in American Deaf culture, the most recent of whichRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagespublishing as Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright, and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department

Congestive Cardiac Failure-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Outline the causes, incidence and risk factors of the identified condition and how it can impact on the patient and family. Answer: Congestive cardiac failure Congestivecardiac failure occurs when the muscles of the heart are not able to pump sufficient blood as required. It is a chronic condition where the arteries of the heart are narrowed or the gradually high blood pressure results in weakening of the heart or become stiff and is not able to pump or fill efficiently (Ohuchi Diller, 2014). Mrs. Sharon McKenzie was suffering from hypertension that is of high risk which is also one of the condition which can cause the congestive cardiac failure (Ohuchi Diller, 2014). Beside this, the coronary arteries contraction is also one of the causes of congestive cardiac failure in the case of Mrs. Sharon McKenzie. Mrs. Sharon McKenzie was a 77 year old woman and was already taking the dose of 250mcg digoxin which was prescribed when she suffered from Myocardial infarction(MI) around 12 years before which was as a result of the heart muscle damage (Ohuchi Diller, 2014). Such a heavy dose of the digoxin results in the higher level of the digitalis in the body. The human body receives the remedial effect sonner it accumlates around 8 to 12 mcg/kg with least risk of toxicity amongst patients having the threat of breathing rhythm, heart failure or normal sinus. In the case of Myocardial infarction(MI) patients are advised with the diuretics which results in removing the extra fluid form the body and results in the loss of potassium among the patients and increase the risk of the congestive cardiac failure. The low level of potassium that is 2.5mmol/l was observed in Mrs. Sharon McKenzieswhich can also be one of the causes of congestive cardiac failure in the case (Packer, 2018). In the case of Mrs. Sharon McKenzie, congestive cardiac faliure is incident while selling in the feets and ankles also shortness in the breath was observed which are certain symptoms that are related to the congestive cardiac failure. In the elderly age, there is turn down in the renal functioning and hence this results decrease in the volume of distributing blood. In the case, stage 2 hypertension was experienced which is the major risk factor as in the case the heart has to work harder (Packer, 2018). The medications which Mrs. Sharon has also one of the major causes that increases the risk of the congestive cardiac failure. The inability of breathing in a proper way results in low levels of the oxygen in the blood with an increased risk of the irregular heart rhythms (Packer, 2018). Congestive cardiac failure is a condition that is life threatening and rigorously impacts the patient and the families. Many times the individual suffers from the cardiac failure lack the social support; increased social support increases the healing rate (Nez, Nez, Miana, Bays-Genis Sanchis, 2016). Signs and symptoms with path physiology The common signs and symptoms related to the congestive cardiac failure along with the pathophysiology are discussed below: Signs and symptoms pathophysiology Congestive cardiac failure results in certain neurologic symptoms and signs such as the visual disturbances, disorientation, and confusion (Klapholz, 2003). In certain instances the bright spots are seen, having the blurry vision of experiencing blind spots. In certain cases, the symptoms of more or less urination are observed as compared to normal with swelling in certain body parts (Klapholz, 2003). Physiologies related to the neurological symptoms are very complex and identifying them at most of the time is incomplete them are mostly incomplete. From the perspective of evolutionary, it is easy to judge (Klapholz, 2003). Severe ventricular arrhythmias: Dizziness, light-headedness, fluttering, pounding, chest discomfort, quivering, fast heart beats with pain and breath shortness, is normally reported among the patients (Shavelle, 2016). Pathophysiology of the said symptoms is covered by two fundamental mechanisms. Arrhythmogenesis is one of the common mechanism which results re entry (Shavelle, 2016). This results in changes in the state of mind and mood too (Shavelle, 2016). Activated action happens after depolarization and tardy following depolarization commence numerous depolarization, impulsive ventricular arrhythmias (Shavelle, 2016) Hyperkalemia The elevated pace of potassium in blood influence the heart functioning. Hyperkalemia sign include heart rate being slow heart rhythm being Abnormal Weakness (Shavelle, 2016) Hyperkalemia consequence rise of potassium level in the body and resulting in an imbalance of emission vs intake or misdistribution among the intra and extra cellular space (Shavelle, 2016) Sinus Node Dysfunction: comprises syncope, weakness, palpitations, effort intolerance and analysis through ECG requirement of Pacemaker for the Symptomatic patients(McDonald, Conlon Ledwidge, 2007) SND grounds irregularity among the structure of Sinus node impulse and dissemination so as to causes malformation among the atrium and also among the conduction system of the heart (McDonald, Conlon Ledwidge, 2007). Two common classes of drugs used for congestive cardiac failure patient: The two classes of the drug that is to be used while treating the elderly patients suffering from the congestive heart failure are discussed below: The first class of the drug class that is meant to be helpful while treating the congestive cardiac failure patients is the (ACE) angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors that broaden the blood vessels and additional decreases the work load of the heart. ACE drug resutts in reducing the angiotensin II production and applies the biologic consequence so as to improve symptoms, slash hospitalizations, and extend survival (Jeon, Kraus, Jowsey Glasgow, 2010). The ACE inhibitors acquire the enhanced outcome between the patients with systolic dysfunction, quite a few patients with hypertension practice congestive heart collapse as a consequence of the diastolic dysfunction which is connected to the left ventricular hypertrophy. The ACE inhibitors end result in diverting or reversing the left ventricular hypertrophy between the patients who all are suffering from hypertension (Jeon, Kraus, Jowsey Glasgow, 2010). The meta-analysis consequence of assured antihypertensive agent recommends that ACE inhibitors be the mainly effectual agent in reducing the left ventricular hypertrophy. The erstwhile class of the medicine that is to be recommended is the Beta-blockers that reduces the heart tempo and block the needless blockage which is there in the heart. This classification of the medicine is also helpful in the heart syndromeplus it is mostly taken into use with the ACE inhibitors for providing an extra advantage. Beta blockers might also for t he time being aggravate indicators but it on the other hand also in the long-term marks a development in the implementation of the heart (Jeon, Kraus, Jowsey Glasgow, 2010). The Beta blocker set of drugs are helpful to the purpose of the worsening LV plus it also requires preventing and the reversing progressive LV chamber, dilation, hypertrophy, and sphericity. The drug Beta stops and also reduces the rate of the heart beat and the anxiety between the LV walls (Walthall, Jenkinson Boulton, 2017). The current research in the labs also proves that the beta blockers please the cardiomyocyte apoptosis refer the heart breakdowns. Discussed are the essential profits and beneficial for a beta blocker for the refer the patients at any of the advanced stages (Walthall, Jenkinson Boulton, 2017). Strategies related to nursing care Mrs. Sharon was an aged patient aged 77 years; she wants a due concern and soft dealing. She is moreover having the precedent record of the MI that is also to be kept in mind as suggesting her medication and cure related to the congestive cardiac collapse (Seah, Tan Wang, 2015). In case of the congestive cardiac stoppage will have a habitual monitoring of the continuous renal working with this the edema and the auscultator of the lungs (Seah, Tan Wang, 2015). The main aim of the cure is declining of the level of the cardiac collapse plus comforting the instant remedial help while confronting the inhalation shortness that includes the wide-ranging accommodating care; discontinue of the digoxin and averting of extra exposure; organization of the definite antibody fragments like digoxin immune Fab; treatment of the specific complications like dysrhythmias and electrolyte abnormalities (Tsujii, 2013). Supportive care The compassionate care comprises to connect patients to the cardiac test, providing IV fluid to the tolerant with volume reduction or hypotension, supplemental oxygen, or the repletion of the electrolytes in the middle of the patients having the electrolyte abnormalities (Mittal, Katta Alpert, 2016). In case of Mrs. Sharon McKenzie, the hyperkalemia is rectified or corrected with glucose/ insulin in the case calculated as life-threatening, like the consequence of risk constructing hypokalemia, as the level of potassium in Mrs. Sharon McKenzie case is low down i.e. 2.5 mmol/l . In a learning, it is clear that the insulin acts mutually straight with Na(+)/K(+)(Bergamini, Cicoira, Rossi Vassanelli, 2009) ATPase energy and adapt the consequence of digoxin (Bergamini, Cicoira, Rossi Vassanelli, 2009). This chains the conclusion that patients suffering from the problem of diabetes, insulin prove to contain the cardio defensive effects subsequent to digoxin intoxication (Bergamini, Cicoira, Rossi Vassanelli, 2009) .Calcium is not functional for treating the hyperkalemia tolerant with understood digoxin toxicity plus may encourage the cardiac catch (Betihavas et al., 2011). Bradycardia management Mrs. Sharon McKenzies ECG description reveals sinus bradycardia, thats to be treated all the way through atropine. Atropine is advisable after each 3 to 5 minutes till there is an answer or utmost dose 3mg is achieved or reached (Betihavas et al., 2011). Hemodynamic compromise management Refer case of Mrs. Sharon McKenzie, it is shown that the hemodynamic deficiency or the hypotension, distorted consciousness symbols, dizziness, digoxin resistant Fab is provided as the most important administration (Ohuchi Diller, 2014). The monitoring of the patient along with the alteration in medication is also considered as one among the main nursing strategies on the occasion of congestive cardiac collapse (Otsu Moriyama, 2010). If at all possible, digoxin is to be stopped and an untouched medicine for proper command of rate or the unlike inotrope is to be approved for arterial tremble or respectively References Bergamini, C., Cicoira, M., Rossi, A., Vassanelli, C. (2009). Oxidative stress and hyperuricaemia: pathophysiology, clinical relevance, and therapeutic implications in chronic heart failure.European Journal Of Heart Failure,11(5), 444-452. Betihavas, V., Newton, P., Du, H., Macdonald, P., Frost, S., Stewart, S., Davidson, P. (2011). Australia's health care reform agenda: Implications for the nurses role in chronic heart failure management.Australian Critical Care,24(3), 189-197. Jeon, Y., Kraus, S., Jowsey, T., Glasgow, N. (2010). The experience of living with chronic heart failure: a narrative review of qualitative studies.BMC Health Services Research,10(1). Klapholz, M. (2003). Heart Failure in the Elderly.Heart Disease,5(4), 241-243. McDonald, K., Conlon, C., Ledwidge, M. (2007). Disease management programs for heart failure: Not just for the sick heart failure population.European Journal Of Heart Failure,9(2), 113-117. MITTAL, M., KATTA, N., ALPERT, M. (2016). Role of isolated ultrafiltration in the management of chronic refractory and acute decompensated heart failure.Hemodialysis International,20, S30-S39. Nez, J., Nez, E., Miana, G., Bays-Genis, A., Sanchis, J. (2016). Worsening Renal Function in Acute Decompensated Heart Failure.JACC: Heart Failure,4(3), 232-233. Ohuchi, H., Diller, G. (2014). Biomarkers in Adult Congenital Heart Disease Heart Failure.Heart Failure Clinics,10(1), 43-56. OTSU, H., MORIYAMA, M. (2010). Effectiveness of an educational self-management program for outpatients with chronic heart failure.Japan Journal Of Nursing Science,8(2), 140-152. Packer, M. (2018). Acute Heart Failure Is an Event RatherThan a Disease.JACC: Heart Failure,6(1), 73-75. Seah, A., Tan, K., Wang, W. (2015). A Narrative Literature Review of the Experiences of Patients Living With Heart Failure.Holistic Nursing Practice,29(5), 280-302. Shavelle, D. (2016). Coronary Artery Disease.Heart Failure Clinics,12(1), i. Tsujii, Y. (2013). Management of the Patients with Chronic Heart Failure; the Role for Nurses and Team Management.Journal Of Cardiac Failure,19(10), S112. Walthall, H., Jenkinson, C., Boulton, M. (2017). Living with breathlessness in chronic heart failure: a qualitative study.Journal Of Clinical Nursing,26(13-14), 2036-2044.